compassion in nursing - 1871 Words

WHAT COMPASSIONATE CARE MEANS TO NURSING The vision set out by the Chief Nursing Officer for England and Department of Health Nursing Director recognised the importance of addressing the quality of care following the failings at Winterbourne View and Mid-Staffordshire Hospital (Cummings, J and Bennett, V, 2012). The Chief Nursing Officer for England and Department of Health Nursing Director consequently founded the six essential values of a care giver; care, compassion, communication, competence, courage and commitment (6C’s) (Cummings, J and Bennett, V, 2012). This essay is going to look at the meaning of compassion, explore its importance within a healthcare setting and outline how compassionate care can be delivered. This essay†¦show more content†¦In a Nursing Standard (2013) article one student reports that by seeing the delivery of good care by their peers gives student nurses an opportunity to appreciate the value of the 6C’s which could create a passion to adopt them in their own working me thods. In a study carried out on student nurses it was discovered that the students were able to better empathise by disclosing information about themselves, this in turn allowed patients to trust and confide in the students which was conducive for better relationships (Curtis, 2013). It was however, noted that students were uncertain of their boundaries and some student nurses found that they were having to mask their emotions in order to cope with the emotional demands of compassionate practice for them to remain professional. Despite this uncertainty students were encouraged with the obvious relief of suffering as a direct result of their interaction and compassion (Curtis, 2013). Nevertheless, students feared that becoming too emotionally attached could lead to vulnerability and they felt it was necessary to learn to toughen up (Curtis, 2013). Students were also worried that by hardening their emotional exterior would lead to becoming uncompassionate thus having detrimental effects on patients and their own wellbeing (Curtis, 2013). Detrimental effectsShow MoreRelatedHistory Of Nursing : A Profession Of Compassion And Service1192 Words   |  5 PagesHistory of Nursing The nursing occupation has advanced during the course of history, seeing a change in practice, kinds of caregivers, and roles, but nursing continues to be a profession of compassion and service to individuals in need. There are many extraordinary nurses that have worked to transform this career and have allowed nursing to develop while at the same time provide better care and conditions in countless circumstances. In the past, the earliest nurses never attended nursing school; theyRead MoreNursing Is A Profession Requiring Intelligence And Compassion1586 Words   |  7 PagesNursing In my opinion, nursing is a profession requiring intelligence and compassion. It also requires the ability of applying psychology to the care of patients otherwise the results could be catastrophic. The degree and consistency of care that nurses give to their patients can both lead to a speedy and successfully recover or it can facilitate a tranquil death. I believe that nursing is a medical profession which deals closely with the care of patients and goes hand in hand with other medicalRead MoreNursing : A Nurse Is Not Comfort, Compassion, And Caring Without Even A Prescription?1748 Words   |  7 PagesResearch paper: Nursing â€Å"Nurses dispense comfort, compassion, and caring without even a prescription† (Val Saintsbury 2010). This quote is only one, of among thousands of quotes that represent nursing. There are thousands of definition of what a nurse is but there is not one simple definition that we can use to determine the meaning of a nurse. Nursing is one of the most competitive fields in college. With that being said, nursing has a variety of positions that requires a heart, and a head ofRead MoreCompassion Fatigue In Nursing. Hunter M. Ledbetter. Gardner-Webb1899 Words   |  8 Pages Compassion Fatigue in Nursing Hunter M. Ledbetter Gardner-Webb University HONOR CODE: I have neither given nor received any help on this assignment. This assignment is original work and not previously submitted work from another course. Introduction Compassion fatigue seems to be an epidemic in the health care profession. Since nursing, more specifically, can be high paced and full of stress, there is high risk for compassion fatigue. Kelly, Runge, Spencer (2015) argue that compassionRead MoreConcepts Of Health And Nursing1294 Words   |  6 Pages Compassion in Nursing NU 315 Concepts of Health Nursing Shelly Howell Compassion, or caring can be viewed as â€Å"nursing’s most precious asset† (Schantz, 2007), a fundamental element of nursing care (Dietze and Orb, 2000), and as one of the strengths of the profession. According to Torjuul et al (2007), it involves being close to patients and seeing their situation as more than a medical scenario and routine procedures. Compassion is to feel passion withRead MoreProfessional Values Of Nursing Practice1653 Words   |  7 PagesIn this assignment, I intend to discuss professional values in nursing practice in relation to nurse – patient relationships and my role as a student nurse. I will look at compassion in relation to professional nursing practices and discuss how I promoted professional nursing values during my caring experience in my workplacement. Out of the different professional values in nursing practice, I have decided to select compassion for the purpose of this assignment. First, the meaning and essence ofRead MoreThe Concept Of Compassion Fatigue1334 Words   |  6 Pages State of the Science Paper: Compassion Fatigue Katelyn Anderson Fairleigh Dickinson University A concept can be a word, an abstract or concrete thought, a phrase, or a symbolic statement. â€Å"Concepts are formulated in words that enable people to communicate their meanings about realities in the world and give meaning to phenomena that can directly or indirectly be seen, heard, tasted, smelled or touched† (McEwen Wills, 2014, p. 50). Concepts are the start of an idea, which canRead MoreCompassion Fatigue As A Synonym For Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder1524 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction According to Coetzee and Hester (2010) compassion fatigue was adopted as a synonym for secondary traumatic stress disorder. The aim of their 2010 concept analysis of the topic was to further define compassion fatigue as it applies to the nursing practice. They describe the process of compassion fatigue from just simply discomfort to compassion stress and finally fatigue. (p.1) Their analysis describes how damaging compassion fatigue can be on a nurse’s ability to provide compassionateRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Nursing1525 Words   |  7 Pages Personal Philosophy of Nursing Leo-Anthony Ojini University of central Missouri School of Nursing Personal Philosophy of Nursing My love for nursing started as a young kid growing up and watching my aunt care passionately for the sick and the less privileged for many years. I somehow picked interest in the profession and that ultimately led me to choose nursing as a career. First I thinkRead MoreCompassion, Its Importance And Effects Of Health Care1172 Words   |  5 PagesCompassion The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate an understanding of compassion, its importance and effects in health care. Compassion is an interesting topic and very important element within nursing (Dietze and Orb 2000). Involving patients, understanding their situation and being close to them rather than seeing them as a medical condition or procedure. Main In all aspects of nursing it is important that nurses are able to provide care with compassion. As it impels and empowers nurses

Social Critism Presented throughout Fantasy in Fahrenheit...

Fantasy is the process of imagining things that are impossible or improbable in literature. Fantasy if often used in correspondence to social criticism, which deals with the exposure of problems, issues and conditions in a society with a flawed social structure, where criticism usually addresses cultural, economic and political issues in a society. This paper will analyze two fiction based novels and the social criticism present throughout this genre of fantasy. With regards to social criticism, this paper will compare and contrast Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury and The Memoirs of a Survivor by Doris Lessing by analyzing how criticism is displayed according to the issues present in the novels, how violence or madness is portrayed and lastly, the pastoral utopian concept of a better place. Firstly, novels that address and portray social criticism often do it in a manner that warns readers about the probable future by portraying possible events that may occur in our own communities if we continue to ignore the negative aspects that are present and shaped within society today. It is frequently due to the fact that we are vaguely distracted by small things such as cellphones, iPad’s and other electronic devices that are commonly used, and it is exactly for this reason that we tend to forget what are truly of value and of importance. This technologically advanced society is present in both novels but more so in Fahrenheit 351 than in The Memoirs of a Survivor. Furthermore,

Management Accounting For Decision Makers -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Management Accounting For Decision Makers? Answer: Introducation The flying airlines company has two options- either it can replace the loader truck with the conveyor belt now or it can wait for an year to replace the same. The airlines can take the decision based on two things. The first option is to look on the cash flows of the company ignoring the depreciation tax shield and the other is to take a decision keeping in mind the depreciation tax shield. (Chandra, 2014) Cash flows in both the cases ignoring the depreciation tax shield If the Airlines company takes the decision to replace the loader now then it will have a net cash outflow of $75000. As we know that the total cash outflow ( annual variable operating cost) will be $80000 whereas the cash inflow i.e. the amount received on selling the loader is $5000. So, we can conclude that the net cash outflow if the company takes the decision of replacing the loader by conveyor belt now will be $75000. In the second case, the operations manager is thinking of replacing the loader next year. His decision will be finalised only after comparing it with the other option. So, he calculates the total cash outslow for this situation as well. The total amount of money spent will include the cost of purchasing the conveyor belt i.e., $20000 along with the annual variable operating cost i.e., $50000. Therefore, total cash outflow will be $70000. The airline company should buy the conveyor belt now itself rather than to wait for one more year because this will help them to save $(75000-70000) = $ 5000 this year. Cash flows assuming that there is a depreciation tax shield We all know that depreciation is a non cash item that is reflected as an expense in the profit and loss account. However, depreciation also provides as a tax shield. We consider money saved to be money earned and so it will affect the cash flows of the company. Let us see the impact of this tax shield on both the situations. (Shah, 2009) In the first situation, the annual depreciation is $25000. Assuming the tax rate to be 30%, we can say that the tax saving is $25000*30*= $7500. Therefore, the net cash flow in the first situation is $(80000-5000-7500) =$ 67500. In the second situation, tax saved = $(20000*30%) =$6000. Therefore the total cash outflow of the Airlines company would be $(20000+50000-6000) = $64000. Therefore, the cash outflow is less when the company chooses to purchase a new conveyor belt without waiting for one year based on both the options. On the basis of financial grounds, the Airlines company should continue with the non stop flight as it provides more profit than the alternative. The calculation of profits under both the circumstances are shown in the below table: PARTICULARS NON STOP FLIGHT STOP IN FIGI FLIGHT Passenger Revenue 240000 251000 Cargo revenue 80000 80000 Total Revenue (A) 320000 331000 Flight crew cost 2000 3400 Fuel 21000 26000 Meals and services 4000 4900 Aircraft Maintenance 1000 1000 Additional charges 5000 Total cost (B) 28000 40300 Total Profit (A-B) 292000 290700 Although the passenger revenue is more in case of a stop flight but still it is unable to generate as much profit as non- stop flight. The reason for this might be the increase in flight crew cost, fuel expenses, meals and services and also an additional charge of landing. The increase of expenses is exceeding the increase of the revenues. (Bhattacharyya, 2011) The company is able to earn a profit of $292000 if it continues with the alternative of non- stop flight from Sydney to Hawaii whereas if it thinks of stopping at Figi then it would be able to earn profit of $290700 only. Therefore, we can conclude that the company should continue with its current idea of non- stop flights. (Epstein and Lee, 2012) The above answer is based on the financial ground but there are also certain non financial grounds that the company has to look upon before taking any kind of decision in a company. The company should also look upon the following factors- The company has to analyse whether it will be able to match the industry standards if it rejects or accepts a particular project and then work accordingly. A company cannot survive in the long run by earning profits only so it should also look upon the customers needs and sometimes take decision based on their satisfaction. (Hart, Wilson and Fergus, 2012) There is also a requirement of improving reputation of the business and relationships in the community. It also has to see whether there is an availability of suitable manpower and technology to take up a certain project. The company should identify all the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats relating to the project before taking any final decision. We can also say that it must carry out SWOT analysis. The company should keep a watch on the environmental constraints. It is better to reject such projects whose outcome will harm them more than it will benefit them. (A) Spare capacity means operating below the maximum sustainable capacity. In this case, if there is a spare capacity in the airlines then the special tourist charter offer should be accepted on financial grounds. This can be proved by the following calculations. (Atrill and McLaney, 2009) PARTICULARS SPECIAL OFFER Passenger Revenue 250000 Charter income 160000 Cargo Revenue 0 Total revenue(A) 410000 Variable expenses 85000 Fixed cost 80000 Total expenses(B) 165000 Total profit(A-B) 245000 The profit earned usually was $110000 but on acceptance of the special offer the company is able to earn an extra profit of $(245000-110000) = $135000. (Libby, Libby and Hodge, 2017 A company cannot take its decision based on the financial ground only. It also has to see whether it is acceptable on the non financial grounds or not. The other factors that the company should look at are- It should check whether acceptance of this offer would affect the goodwill of the company in a better way or not. It should always keep in mind that the acceptance of this offer does not affect the existing customers as it can be harmful in the long run. It should check the future prospects of accepting this order. It should not happen that the acceptance of such offer provides short term benefits to the company but proves to be harmful later on. So, the company should also analyse the opportunity cost before taking a final decision. In the case of no spare capacity, the company can either continue with the usual flights or it can accept the special offer. Therefore, a comparative analysis has to be carried out in order to know which option would help to generate higher profits. (Piper, 2015) If the company keeps on carrying out its usual business then it would earn profits of $110000 (as per the table below). But if the company accepts the special offer then it will be able to earn $160000. So, it should accept the offer on the basis of financial grounds. PARTICULARS USUAL Passenger Revenue 250000 Cargo Revenue 30000 Total revenue(A) 280000 Variable expenses 90000 Fixed cost 80000 Total expenses(B) 170000 Total profit(A-B) 110000 However, this comparative analysis is not enough for the company to take a decision. The following factors should also be considered: There may be a lower demand for a short period due to seasonal variation but the company should not take the decision based on this period because it may harm the company in the future. Acceptance of such offers should always take into consideration the satisfaction of the customers, employees and the workers. It should look upon the other competitors and see if this act would match up with the industry standards. It is very important to compete well to generate higher revenue. Acceptance of such offer should have an adverse impact on the companys reputation. There are chances that the company may lose its valuable customers just because of short term profits. This should not happen and therefore, the term of the offer should be properly analysed References Atrill, P. and McLaney, E. (2009).Management accounting for decision makers. Harlow: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Bhattacharyya, D. (2011).Management accounting. Noida, India: Pearson. Chandra, P. (2014).Fundamentals of financial management. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Epstein, M. and Lee, J. (2012).Advances in management accounting. Bingley: Emerald. Hart, J., Wilson, C. and Fergus, C. (2012).Management accounting. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia. Libby, R., Libby, P. and Hodge, F. (2017). Financial accounting. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Piper, M. (2015).Accounting made simple. [United States]: [CreateSpace Pub.]. Shah, P. (2009).Management accounting. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

The Impact of United States Drug Policy on Mexico and Colombia free essay sample

Drugs are not new to this Earth. Mankind has grown and consumed drugs for millennia. Marijuana, or more appropriately Cannabis, is indigenous to Central and South Asia, and has been consumed widely since 3000 B.C.E. (ElSohly 8). In more recent times (1938), Albert Hoffman synthesized Lysergic acid diethylamide, more commonly known as LSD, while searching for treatments for psychiatric diseases (Hoffman). Initially, many drugs were used in religious/spiritual functions. In several instances, the strong fibers of the Cannabis plant were used for building, much like jute, and the narcotic aspects of the plants were not even explored (ElSohly 8). However, today, drugs are frequently used recreationally, and as a result are highly profitable commodities. It is common knowledge that across the world, the vast majority of drugs are illegal or are restricted in some way. Almost nightly, proponents for the legalization of drugs, decriminalization of certain drugs, and the continued ban on dru gs debate their positions through the media. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of United States Drug Policy on Mexico and Colombia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This debate is a hot button issue that is almost entirely centered upon the views and policies of the world’s largest drug consumer, the United States of America (CIA Factbook). Governments and the media very often focus on drug consumption trends and drug flow into the United States, while largely ignoring Latin American perspectives and impacts on Latin America. Though drug production and drug use are major concerns, the negative impact of drug policy on Mexico and Colombia must be brought forth and into consideration when making drug policies in the United States. On June 17th, 1971, United States President Richard M. Nixon addressed Congress, talking about â€Å"Drug Abuse Prevention and Control† thus initiating the ‘War on Drugs’ (American Presidency Project). This American ‘War on Drugs’ sought to â€Å"rehabilitate† Americans who were already addicted to drugs, provide â€Å"education† to prevent future drug use, and quite simply to cut â€Å"off root and branch† the problem of drugs â€Å"at the source† (Presidency). In order to cut â€Å"off† drug flow â€Å"at the source,† the producing countries of drugs were targeted. Nixon stated to Congress: When traffic in narcotics is no longer profitable, then that traffic will cease. Increased enforcement and vigorous application of the fullest penalties provided by law are two of the steps in rendering narcotics trade unprofitable. But as long as there is a demand, there will be those willing to take the risks of meeting the demand. So we must also act to destroy the market for drugs, and this means the prevention of new addicts, and the rehabilitation of those who are addicted (Presidency). To implement this ‘War on Drugs’ several policies were enacted to meet the goals of the program. Nixon furthered his remarks: †¦we must recognize that cooperation in control of dangerous drugs works both ways. While the sources of our chief narcotics problem are foreign, the United States is a source of illegal psychotropic drugs which afflict other nations. If we expect other governments to help stop the flow of heroin to our shores, we must act with equal vigor to prevent equally dangerous substances from going into their nations from our own. Accordingly, I am submitting to the Senate for its advice and consent the Convention on Psychotropic Substances which was recently signed by the United States and 22 other nations. In addition, I will submit to the Congress any legislation made necessary by the Convention including the complete licensing, inspection, and control of the manufacture, distribution, and trade in dangerous synthetic drugs (Presidency). It is clear that initially, the ‘War on Drugs’ did not focus exclusively on any one area of the world. With heroin as the main preliminary target of the ‘War on Drugs,’ major producers in South Asia, as well as Afghanistan who was and remains to be the â€Å"world’s largest producer of opium† (CIA) were targeted by United States drug policy. However, in more recent times, the focus has shifted to Latin America. Though as previously noted, Cannabis is indigenous to Asia, Latin America is now the largest producer of the plant (CNN). In addition, Colombia is the â€Å"world’s leading coca cultivator,† and Mexico is the â€Å"second-largest opium-poppy cultivator† (CIA). In order to explore how drug policy adversely affects Mexico and Colombia, and furthermore why those effects necessitate further thought in policy making, we must first seek to understand why Mexico and Colombia are so targeted in the first place. In the May 12, 2011 article released by the Congressional Research Service â€Å"Latin America and the Caribbean: Illicit Drug Trafficking and U.S. Counterdrug Programs,† several key statistics are presented to reinforce the United States’ reasoning for focusing on Mexico and Colombia: In recent decades, Latin America has played a central role in several major global illicit drug markets. Multiple aspects of the drug supply chain take place in the region, including drug crop cultivation, drug production, drug trafficking, and, ultimately, drug consumption. Today, South America is the sole producer of cocaine for the global market; Mexico and Colombia are the primary sources of opiates in the United States; Mexico and the Caribbean are major foreign sources of cannabis (marijuana) consumed in the United States; and Mexico is the primary source of foreign methamphetamine in the United States (Congressional Research Service 1). It can be easily deduced that the areas of highest drug production would receive the highest amount of attention. As previously stated, â€Å"South America is the sole producer of cocaine† making it a logical conclusion that efforts to suppress coca and cocaine would be focused on South America (Congressional 1). According to the same report, â€Å"95% of all cocaine entering the United States flows through Mexico or its territorial waters,† implying a need to work in Mexico not only to control â€Å"the primary source of foreign methamphetamine† but to negate the effects of Colombian cocaine (Congressional 2). It must be remembered that drugs have become highly profitable commodities. Furthermore, the price of the drug itself has many factors. Therefore, when we see the illegality of drugs, and the efforts to control their distribution and consumption, we must explore the other areas that influence their pricing, and therefore their profitability, and in turn their market as a whole. Distribution and market control. These two factors are perhaps the key players in drug pricing, and also serve as the chief reasons for focusing on Mexico and Colombia. These two countries play integral roles in both aspects of the drug economy, in addition to their role as producers. Mexico’s â€Å"proximity to the United States† makes drug smuggling into the country easy and profitable. Using Central America as a link, Colombia is able to pass Coca through Mexico, and into the United States (Congressional 2-3). The rationale is simple. Colombia is one of the only places in which coca can be produced, and Mexico is adjacent to the largest cocaine consumer. It simply follows that these two countries are integral not only to policy focus, but to the drug trade itself. However, it is not only the proximity or geography that is of concern to the United States, but the origin of and methods of drug distribution. It is a seemingly constant news headline term: ‘cartel.’ According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, a cartel is a â€Å"combination of independent commercial or industrial enterprises designed to limit competition or fix prices† (Merriam-Webster). Drug cartels are organizations that do just that. They control drug production, distribution, sales, and trafficking. These cartels often operate violently, disrupting local and global life. These cartels, also referred to as â€Å"Drug Trafficking Organizations† mostly â€Å"are of Mexican and Colombian origin.† They operate on a scale of â€Å"between $18 billion and $39 billion† annually (Congressional 4). This enormous revenue is used by cartels to exert pressure on the market while expanding the drug trade: Seven major Mexican drug trafficking organizations control trafficking routes into the United States, including the Arellano Felix Organization (Tijuana), Beltran Leyva Organization, Los Zetas, Sinaloa (La Federacion), Carillo Fuentes Organization (Juarez), Gulf, and La Familia Michoacana (Congressional 4-5). Prior to the Mexican drug trafficking organizations’ rise to prominence, Colombian DTOs, primarily the Cali and Medellin drug cartels, reigned (Congressional 4-5). Though the cartels seek to control production and fix prices, they do not always seek to work together: The brutality of the Mexican DTOs has escalated as an increasing number of groups have battled each other and the Calderon government for control of lucrative drug trafficking routes into the United States (Congressional 4). And in this we see a main problem of United States drug policy. Now that we understand the crucial role that Mexico and Colombia play in the drug trade, we may explore the profound impact the drug trade has had on the countries themselves. As mentioned in the Congressional Research Service article, â€Å"Mexican DTOs† â€Å"have battled each other and the Calderon government† (Congressional 4). This power struggle has spilled over however, affecting common citizens. According to a 2009 report by the Trans-Border Institute (written by David A. Shirk), titled â€Å"Drug Violence in Mexico: Data and Analysis from 2001-2009,† there were approximately â€Å"7,724 drug-related killings in 2009† in Mexico (Shirk 1). The report states that à ¢â‚¬Å"the Mexican newspaper Milenio† â€Å"reported that there were 8,281 drug-related killings in 2009† in Mexico (Shirk 1). The report notes that both the definition of â€Å"drug-related† killings and the nature of crime make it difficult to note the exact number of people killed (Shirk 1). Yet, regardless of the exact number, it is highly apparent that the cartel related death toll, be it 5000, or 10,000, is staggering. Not only is the number massive; it has grown and continues to grow. In 2001, the report cites the annual drug-related killings death toll to be â€Å"1080.† In 2006, that number was â€Å"2120.† By 2008, it was â€Å"5153† people killed per year (Shirk 4). This nearly exponential growth in violence indicates that at the least, efforts to end drug trafficking have not helped violence, and it is suggested in the Trans-Border report that this increase in violence may even be â€Å"a result of† anti-DTO efforts (Shirk 3 ). Drug policy. We have seen why Mexico and Colombia are so integral to the discussion of drug policy, and we have begun to look at the terrible effects of the drug trade on the countries. Though the human death toll in Mexico is staggerring and attrocious, it is only part of the negativity attributed to the drug trade, and consequently the policies that affect it. When we see the case of Colombia, we begin to understand the farreaching impact of United States drug policy. In Timothy Plowman’s â€Å"Botanical Perspectives on Coca† it is said that coca â€Å"has played an important role in the lives of South American Indians for thousands of years† (Plowman 103). It is commonly used medicinally, notably for altitude sickness. It has been cultivated in areas of South America, such as Colombia without issue for millenia, and perhaps most importantly, it should be noted that â€Å"only two† out of nearly twenty strains of coca contain â€Å"sufficiently large amounts of cocaine to warrant mastication† (Plowman 104). Therefore, we must immediately realize that very little of Colombia’s coca is worth addressing. The vast majority of coca acts as a mere mild, medicinal herb. Yet, when it comes to United States drug policy, this is not the view. Coca is not singled out plant by plant, strain by strain. It is to be eradicated wholesale. All drugs are to be destroyed. Very simply, the United States policy on drugs is er adication. Dr. Bruce Michael Bagley noted in his 2001 article â€Å"Drug Trafficking, Political Violence And U.S. Policy in Colombia in the 1990s† that Peruvian â€Å"coca cultivation decreased by 27 percent between 1996 and 1997 alone, dropping from 96,000 hectares to 70,000 hectares. In 1999, fewer than 50,000 hectares of coca were cultivated in Peru. As a direct result, total Peruvian cocaine production also declined precipitously over the 1990s, from a high point of 606 metric tons in 1992 to 264 tons in 1998† (Bagley 2). In the case of Peru, the wholesale destruction of coca achieved the United States’ goal of lowering cocaine production and flow. However, the policies devastated Colombia, while not even working in principle. â€Å"Between 1989 and 1998, Colombian coca leaf production increased by 140 percent, from 33, 900 to 81,400 metric tons† (Bagley 1). Not only did United States policy outright fail in Colombia, in fact having a reverse effect, the eradication campaign may have encouraged more people to grow coca. In a simple supply-and-demand analysis of the situation, the destruction of Peruvian coca significantly lowered overall supply, but did not change demand. When there is a high demand for a good, but a low supply of said good, people are willing to pay more for the commodity. As follows, this increased coca prices greatly. As the peasants of the region lacked the resources to survive in a struggling Colombian economy marred by political corruption and instability, the destruction of coca, due to its illegality, increased the profitability of producing and selling coca, and therefore, increased the allure of producing it (Bagley 3). Initially, as seen in Bagley’s article, Colombian cartels used the Carribean as a drug trafficking route. When the United States cracked down on these routes, large and prominent cartels such as the Medellin and Cali cartels transferred their cocaine business to a Central American route, collaborating with Mexican cartels (Bagley 4-5). The United St ates continued to support anti-DTO efforts in Colombia, even weakening the major cartels of the region. Yet, guerilla forces such as the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) stepped in to fill the void, warring with the weakened cartels for control of the drug trade (Bagley 10). These guerilla forces profited from the drug trade and unstable Colombian government, seeking ‘Godfather-like protection money’ and â€Å"revolutionary â€Å"taxes†Ã¢â‚¬  from peasants, and proceeds from drug trafficking and sales itself. It is estimated that the FARC earned an â€Å"annual income† of â€Å"US $900 million† in the year 1999 (Bagley 10). The FARC and other guerrilla forces had such a profound impact on the history of Colombia, that the violent story of the cartel, guerilla, and United States supported anti-drug government forces was captured in the popular historical fiction novel, The Armies, by Evelio Rosero. The novel depicts the attrocities of the guerrilas and DTOs on the common people. The novel itself is centered upon the story of Ismael Pasos, whose wife is â€Å"disappeared† (kidnapped). Ismael’s town descends into chaos as paramilitary forces (guerrillas) clash with locals, the US sponsored government, the cartels, and within themselves (Rosero). Though the novel is fictional, the events are all too reminiscent of 1980s and 1990s Colombia, where an illegal drug market ravaged a country and an entire continent. As we have seen, the United States’ drug policy is to attempt to rid the world of drugs. It is to eradicate all drugs, particularly ‘hard’ drugs such as heroin and cocaine. It does so by maintaining an illegal status for all drugs, promoting and funding the eradication of drug cultivation, and militarily intervening in order to fight drug trafficking. Yet, we also saw that despite these policies, coca cultivation grew exponentially in Colombia, perhaps because it is illegal. The preexisting political turmoil in Colombia was compounded by the conflict between cartels and paramilitary organizations, seeing an even larger increase in violence with the introduction of anti-drug enforcement soldiers (Bagley). Socially, the banning of coca cultivation upturned Colombian indigenous tradition, as peoples who had farmed coca for millennia (Plowman) were suddenly made criminals at the behest of the United States. Colombia was hugely adversely impacted by the American †˜War on Drugs.’ As we leave Colombia, we may explore one more link to Colombia, while furthering the view that the drug policies of the United States negatively impacted Mexico. In Bagley’s article, it was seen that United States action, though it did not lower violence, did in fact weaken Colombian cartels. However, it was also seen that these cartles collaborated with Mexican ones. As the Colombian cartels weakened, Mexican cartels increased their role in the drug trade: The Mexican’s expanded role in the Colombian cocaine trade over the 1990s increased their illicit profits exponentially and led to the consolidation of several Mexican cartels (e.g., the Juarez cartel, the Tijuana cartel and the Gulf cartel) that soon rivaled the Colombian organizations in size, profitability and violence. Indeed, during the second half of the decade the emergence of these powerful new Mexican criminal organizations unleashed an unprecedented wave of drug-related violence and corruption in Mexico that seriously threatened the country’s fledgling process of democratization (Bagley 5). In this we see another negative, albeit unintentional, result of United States drug policy. As the United States attempted to combat drug trafficking and production in one country (Colombia), they created a new system of illegal operations in a different country (Mexico). It of course can be argued with the case of Peru, and even in the reduction of the Colombian cartels that US policy had positive effects on the region. But when we remember that the reduction of Peruvian coca may have encouraged an increase in Colombian coca production (Bagley), and that the reduction in Colombian cartels simply grew Mexican ones, the negatives appear to outweigh the positives. Much as though the situation in Peru prompted Colombian drug cultivation, the illegality of drugs prompts the poor in Mexico to join cartels for pay. As seen in a Wired article, many of these impoverished cartel recruits are â€Å"as young as eleven years old† (Robert Beckhusen). As corruption and political instability have gripped Mexico, some of the poorest citizens may earn â€Å"as little as $298 a month† while a â€Å"single murder [as a job for a cartel] can be worth† â€Å"$78,† with some ‘hitmen’ making â€Å"between $390 and $468 every two weeks† (Beckhusen). It is no surprise that many who are impoverished choose to take advantage of the drug trade and associated jobs, despite all the risks. As drug-related violence has increased in Mexico, so have cartel jobs, both in number and type. Child soldiers, such as the ones referenced in the Wired article are becoming more prevalent, being used â€Å"as cannon fodder† (Beckh usen). The amount of murders has reached such an alarming level that one cartel job is solely to dispose of corpses. The effects of the drug trade and the blanket illegality of all drugs is very clearly apparent, particularly in Mexico and Colombia. It is fair that the United States focus on the two countries, as each country is vital to the drug trade. It is crucial that we look at these two countries in our analysis of drug policy. But it is of utmost importance that we look at the effects the policies have had on the drug trade and the countries when we judge American drug policy, the ‘War on Drugs,’ and potential future policies. Quite simply, the policies have failed. Before even looking at the Latin American perspective, we may deduce that the ‘War on Drugs’ and its policies, have failed, particularly if the goal of the policies was to lower drug trafficking and consumption. The United States is and is on pace to remain the world’s largest consumer of drugs. Colombia, despite US intervention, remains the world’s largest producer of coca (CIA). Mexico i s plagued by increasing cartel violence, and has seen an expansion of the cartel, yet again, despite US monetary and military aid (Shirk). Without even looking at the Latin American perspective, we see that the ‘War on Drugs’ has failed. When we do look at the Latin American perspective, and read into the effects of the blanket illegality of drugs, we see that the ‘War on Drugs’ has not only failed, but perhaps, has even proven U.S. drug policy to be counterproductive. Illegality creates black markets. As was perhaps most clearly seen during The Prohibition (of alcohol) in the United States, when something is outlawed, with nothing actively affecting demand, only supply is changed. This does not reduce demand, and in truth, does not change supply. Supply merely goes from a legal supply, to an illegal one. Not only is demand not reduced, but similar to Bagley’s Peruvian model (Bagley 3), demand (due to price increases due to risks associated with illegality) may increase due to those yearning to make a profit. Of course, it should be remembered that the United States backed up the illegality of drugs (namely coca) with massive eradication campaigns, meaning that supply was affected overall (Bagley ). However, if the goal was to lower the supply and beat the drug trade, that was not achieved. The drug trade and violence increased, not decreased. Colombian coca production and exports multiplied, and Mexican cartel violence increased, even spilling into the United States (Bagley, Beckhusen). So if the ‘War on Drugs’ has failed, possibly been counterproductive, and inspired violent conflict and social upheaval in Mexico and Colombia, what must be done? It is clear that there must be policy changes, citing the turmoil that the current policies have at the least done nothing to negate, if not caused. Perhaps it is time to seek the opinion of Latin American leaders in this debate. In a the Guardian article by Jamie Doward, it was stated â€Å"Colombias president has called for governments around the world, including the UK, to debate legalising certain drugs – even cocaine† (Doward). Juan Manuel Santos, the Colombian president â€Å"calls for a new approach to take away the violent profit that comes with drug trafficking If that means legalising, and the world thinks thats the solution, I will welcome it. Im not against it† (Doward). Though legalizing all drugs, especially including ‘hard’ drugs such as heroin and cocaine may not be conducive to world health, nor is it guaranteed to reduce drug-related crime and killings, perhaps decriminilization of certain drugs is a necessary step. â€Å"Violent profit† certainly has accompanied â€Å"drug trafficking† and drug trafficking has been necessitated by blanket criminalization of drugs (Doward, Bagley). Drug price comes not only from the drug itself, but from the r isk associated in producing, transporting, possessing, and consuming it while illegal. The illegality of drugs keeps drug prices high, and therefore drug profits high, yet again reinforcing the desire of many to be in the drug business. Perhaps, as Santos thinks, decriminalizing or legalizing certain drugs will lower drug prices and the value of the drug trade. Perhaps, that in turn, will erode the drug market as a whole. It is likely, that as is with most things on Earth, there is no one answer, no one way to solve the conundrum that is the global problem of and with drugs. However it is absolutely certain that Latin America, particularly Colombia and Mexico were negatively impacted by both the drug trade and United States drug policies. It is quite probable that a change in American drug policy is necessary, and it is imperative that whatever changes occur, be with Colombia and Mexico in mind. Furthermore, they must be made with Latin American perspectives in mind. Works Cited Bagley, Bruce Michael. DRUG TRAFFICKING, POLITICAL VIOLENCE AND U.S. POLICY IN COLOMBIA IN THE 1990s . 2001. . Beckhusen, Robert. How Mexico’s Drug Cartels Recruit Child Soldiers as Young as 11. (2013): n. page. Print Brice, Arthur. Mexico, Paraguay top pot producers, U.N. report says. (2008): n. page. Web. 14 Dec. 2013. . Doward, Jamie. Colombian president calls for global rethink on drugs. (2011): n. page. Web. 14 Dec. 2013. . ElSohly, Mahmoud A. Marijuana and the Cannabinoids.Marijuana and the Cannabinoids. New Jersey: 2007. Hoffman, Albert. LSD: Completely Personal. Newsletter of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies. 1996: n. page. Web. 14 Dec. 2013. . Merriam-Webster Dictionary. . Nixon, Richard M. 203 Special Message to the Congress on Drug Abuse Prevention and Control.. 1971. . Plowman, Timothy. Botanical Perspectives on Coca. 1979. . Rosero, Evelio. The Armies. London: MacLehose Press, 2007. Print. Shirk, David A. Drug Violence in Mexico Data and Analysis from 2001-2009. 2010. . United States of America. CIA. Illicit Drugs. Web. 14 Dec. 2013 . United States of America. Congressional Research Service. Latin America and the Caribbean: Illicit Drug Trafficking and U.S. Counterdrug Programs . 2011. Web.

Edgar Allan Poe Vs. Herman Melville Essays - Fiction, Literature

Edgar Allan Poe Vs. Herman Melville Essays - Fiction, Literature Edgar Allan Poe Vs. Herman Melville Sunday, December 03, 2000 Period 6 English Ms. Lynn Melville vs. Poe I chose to write about the similarities and differences between Herman Melville and Edgar Allan Poe. Both authors/ poets lived a life you could write a book on. They began with similarities from birth till death. Weird and strange events took place throughout their stay on Earth. Both authors time of birth was within a decade apart, and both were born on the East Coast, Melville born in Boston and Poe born in New York. They each were born into poverty and had troubles to worry about. Poes parents died when he was at a young age, and Melvilles parents were failures in business, which led to the death of his father at the age when Melville was twelve. Poes education came from West Point Academy, but not by choice. His foster father paid for Poe to attend, and eventually Poe dropped out. He moved with his Aunt Maria in Baltimore. Melville received his education from school, and sailing the oceans with sailors at a young age. Melville never looked back after sailing out on adventures. He stayed and lived for a period of time on one of the islands called Nuku Hiva. At this time in their lives is when everything became twisted in my opinion. To start off when Poe moves to Baltimore with his aunt, he then marries his cousin Virginia. How in the world could you tell people, Yeah, this is my fourteen year old cousin/ wife.? Does not sound to good if you ask me! On the other hand you could be on an island where people believed in canabalism. That is where Melville ended up while at his stay at Nuku Hiva. I am not sure if Melville took part in eating humans, but either way you would not catch me around these two weirdoes. The climax of Melvillles career came in 1850, when he published Moby Dick. The book is still a favorite today. He made money off of the book, but would it be enough to continue publishing books? The climax of Poes carrer came when he published The Raven in 1845. The book is still read in and out of the classrooms today. The Raven is better than Moby Dick in my opinion. Both books are still sold in stores to this day. One word to summarize both authors careers is DEBT. They did not have enough money to come out with more poems or stories. When they did come out they did not do so well as their previous masterpieces. Thats when drinking took over Poes life. It is said that his drinking was exaggerated that he did not drink that much. As well as alcohol there was opium and that was not better for Poe either. Then you have Melville and his troubles. He is quoted saying; Dollars Damn me. (English book) No money no publications. Melville did however publish a collection of poems when he was older and then retired. Poe died in 1849, and Melville in 1891. I picked these two authors/ poets to write about because their masterpieces of writings are still cherished to this very day. They each lived in the same time frame, and their best works were with in five years of each other. Their styles of writing are different, but still their work is like no other.

Constitution As A Revolution essays

Constitution As A Revolution essays The progressivist historian Charles Beard was quoted saying that the Constitution was a reactionary phase of the revolution. In this interpretation, the word reactionary means that it was somewhat conservative and was opposed to liberalism. However, the constitution was somewhat of a dramatic document, as it founded the first real democratic government. The Constitution was a document that came out of a revolution, and was a reactionary result of a movement that not all people supported. From these opposing beliefs came different political parties- each with its own ideas on how to run the country. The Constitution founded the ideas of democracy. This form of government put the most power in the hands of its people. Government had less authority over the people; the citizens no longer had to listen and adhere to policies that they deemed unjust. Democratic beliefs let themselves evolve as time went on. The government had no form of control over the social aspect of anyones life. This way of thinking in itself shows that the people of America were ready to trust their people with the responsibility of creating their own rights. The American Revolution itself was somewhat radical, where people came together and established ideas of equality for all people. The men who went to the Constitutional Convention, for the most part, had similar ideas as to what the rights of the people should be. Most of the delegates selected to go to the convention shared their most basic economic views. Many of the delegates also wanted to put down the practice of mobocracy, which was a term used for a large group of people forcing their ideas among people. They wanted an Electoral College to indirectly choose the president, as well as make it the legislatures duty to indirectly choose senators. All the delegates also wanted to split up the government into three separate branches. The count ...

Britain and the empire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Britain and the empire - Essay Example Thompson believes that the concept of the new clock time, came into existence because of capitalistic interests, replaced the earlier perception of time3. These earlier perceptions of time, emanated from the collective wisdom of mankind. These earlier views regarding time were imposed by religious and social authorities, before the emergence of the industrial revolution. This paper analyzes the ideas of Thompson regarding how time was perceived by the traditional society, and how it changed during the industrial revolution. This is in the late 1700s. Furthermore, this paper analyzes who had the ability of telling time, and how the changes and use of time affected the rural laborers during the 1700s, and what is meant by â€Å"Saint Monday†. This paper further analyzes how the discipline of time regulation related to the wages and experiences of the workers during the 18th century. It further analyzes the context of idleness, in the view of Thompson. This paper also contains the independent ideas and insights of the essay by Thompson. Thompson denotes that during the pre-industrial societies, people had different views and believes about time4. This believes and views were imposed by social and religious authorities, and based on collective wisdom of members of a society. These societies viewed time, based on their commercial, social, and religious activities. For example, in societies that practiced hunting, agriculture, and other human interaction activities with the natural world, time discipline was governed by biological, as well as astronomical factors. People knew specific seasons, or times through observations. The Islamic lunar calendar is an example in which people identified time and seasons through religious means. This calendar was developed by the nomadic Arabs, who lived in the deserts. The lunar calendar does not reflect any seasons, because it was not convenient for these Arabs. However, with the arrival of